Tramadol (INN) (pronounced /ˈtræmədɒl/) is an opioid which is a centrally acting analgesic, used for treating moderate to severe pain. It is a synthetic agent, and appears to have actions on the μ-opioid receptor as well as the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems.[1][2] Tramadol was developed by the German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH in the late 1970s and marketed under the trade name Tramal.[3] Grünenthal has also cross licensed the drug to many other pharmaceutical companies that market it under various names such as Ultram.
Tramadol's structure is quite different from those of other opioids. The closest chemical relative of tramadol in clinical use is tapentadol, which is a member of the same chemical class as tramadol and also developed by Grünethal.
Tramadol is used to treat moderate and severe pain and most types of neuralgia, including trigeminal neuralgia.[citation needed] It has been suggested that tramadol could be effective for alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety because of its action on the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, the involvement of which appear to play a part in its ability to alleviate the perception of pain. However, health professionals have not yet endorsed its use on a large scale for disorders such as this.[4][5]
Tramadol is usually marketed as the hydrochloride salt (tramadol hydrochloride); the tartrate is seen on rare occasions, and tramadol is available in both injectable (intravenous and/or intramuscular) and oral preparations. It is also available in conjunction with paracetamol (acetaminophen). The solutions suitable for injection are used in Patient Controlled Analgesia pumps under some circumstances, either as the sole agent or along with another agent such as morphine.
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